Africa



** Essential Questions **: > It can cause a change because it is the change in the people who are ruling/in charge of a large group of people. People against the change would create conflicts due to their disapproval --> change is against popular opinion or forced to change. > The development of Nationalism is just a strong belief that everything is that is done should be based on their own country and no one else. It just creates a a conflict between the people who believe the country should become more modern and westernized and the people who don't want anything to do with the western world .--> unite, create nations, or destroy empires. --> can feel a bond to become nations and therefore become empires. > Political Relationship give resources to anyone in an economic crisis. The people that have political power and alternate or approve of something that has to do with the nation's money. --> With political ties there is trust and therefore a relationship. --> intertwined. > A common enemy, A common belief/need, A common leader.. Any similarities that can be built on are characteristics and factors that can unite the people. Ethnicity, race, ideas, religion--> each can become stronger when more people are a part of it--> therefore there is unification. --> faith in government, culture, tragedy, common languages > >
 * **How can political change cause conflict?**
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**

Questions on Map of Imperialism media type="custom" key="26002254" __**Video Notes:**__ media type="custom" key="26012956" __**Video Notes:**__
 * Europe began scramble of Africa.
 * Succeeded to colonize Africa--> to control main place of raw materials
 * Technology made Africa different
 * Overcame the disadvantages of the diseases
 * Weapons(machine gun) had huge improvements
 * Africans refused to be under control of Europeans--> fought back.Intermediary Governments.Europeans decided to rule indirectly--> basically to avoid death.
 * Business Imperialism = heart of imperialism
 * Europeans found that the Chinese would buy opium.
 * British took much trade ports in China, and got a lot of money, while china got nothing.
 * Europeans split up Africa among many nations, colonized most of Africa.
 * European industrialization
 * Diseases in Africa killed many of the Europeans.
 * Europeans had technology that would help to take over Africa.
 * European imperialism involved many deaths and battles.
 * most of Africa and Asia was taken over by the British
 * Europeans could rule over things because of their military power.
 * Ethiopia defeated the Italians and established their own nation
 * the Europeans had to wait to take over Africa, until they had technological advances.
 * The Europeans went to Africa because they had a lot of natural resources.
 * Imperialism brought wealth and power to the Europeans
 * Slave trade reduced the populations of African countries
 * Europeans want more natural resources.
 * In the Congo, many of the people were treated badly.
 * only Liberia and Ethiopia won against the Europeans
 * Europeans believed colonization was something good.

** : Analyze the quote below. Copy and paste the quote and your analysis into your wik **i:

** Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire. ** ** By Karl Liebknecht **

Imperialism is there all around the world, moves from one place to another. Militarism being used is literally killing the people of the world. Somewhat of a warning, saying that if nothing is done, it will just continue. Imperialism is a strong force that's impossible to battle.

__**Questions:**__ 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? The white man's burden was that the white men must go out and send their sons to go and help those that they feel need their help, like the uneducated.. They were being judged by others. White men have to bring uncivilized places to become civilized--> that's their duty. 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? They get hatred from the people that they are trying to civilize, though they think its their duty to do so. White man should get a reward for being able to civilize these savage lands and all of their efforts 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? I think that the white men would be the ones that are reading this poem. I think that the audience would agree with everything that he says because they believe that they really do have a burden for helping other nations to be civilized. Government Officials who were imperialist; only imperialists would agree 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? I think that the last line where it says "The judgement of your peers!" This is interesting to me because people would be judging them for doing something that they think is their duty to do.

The mistreatment of African Americans in the Philippines is just an extension of what's happening in the United States, with the fighting with "clubs and arrows" and seeking to end the "Brown" people with bullets Their burden was the way of life that was forced upon them by the Americans which they still have to live with. --> White man thinks that their helping when all they're doing is just piling up on the Black Man Burden //"You’ve sealed the Red Man’s problem"// This line caught my attention because it basically the main reasoning for the poem. It blames the the people, mostly Americans, for starting it all and causing it to spread around and stick to these places with the use of all their violence. --> With being targeted, and see as less technological, they are being pushed around... Burden is in fact on the Black Man due to having to face all these problems from the White Man. --> White Man's burden is not on them, but on the people that are trying to make civilized.
 * __Message:__**

media type="custom" key="26096768"

__ **Notes on the Berlin Conference Video:** __
 * 16 diplomats from the different nations sat together at the table.
 * They were discussing how they would divide up the continent of Africa.
 * It took 6 months to discuss what they would do to divide up Africa
 * They drew lines in Africa which are still how Africa is split up today.
 * That is how the scramble for Africa began.

__**Describe the British Conference in Five Words**__
 * Division
 * Trade
 * Power
 * Social Darwinism
 * Prestige
 * Greed
 * Regulation
 * Beneficial
 * "Bitter Sweet"


 * __ Primary Sources on Imperialism in Africa __**


 * Read each of the quotes or documents and answer the questions under each one:

//"Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975//

__**Questions to consider:**__ > The author's perspective is that since there was nobody that would take actions against it or even attempted to stop it in any way, evil has been able to pop up and stay in. He could be talking about events such as the Holocaust can be one. > People failing to speak out is causing the repeat of history.--> European Imperialism was for their own desires; basically evil. > The reason for this statement can be to force the people to make a change for the better and have good be in sight rather than evil. There should be more actions to stop the evils of the world and not just bystanders. > Saw all these countries being taken over by imperialistic countries--> no justice > The evils of the Berlin Conference dividing up Africa is what someone should stand up against. > People in Africa weren't standing up against it, African country are not advance; bows and arrows vs. bullets and guns > " What makes them think they can do such a thing? "
 * ** What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does? **
 * ** Why might the author be making this statement? **
 * ** How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain. **

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)**

//Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...//

//I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//

> The author is Jules Ferry, a two-time rime minister of France. He believes that the less uncivilized should be under the "care" of the "superior" races because they have a right over the "lower" races. Believes that Europeans should flaunt their superiority over the nations that they are colonizing > He uses the past failures of creating civilization with slavery in Central America and his ideas to change the actions of the past. Europeans are born with the duty to civilize other races--> already more technologically advanced--> need more territory to match. > He uses the navy as a reason for safer borders, defenses, and supply centers on the high seas. Inspire other Europeans to carry on their ways in order to improve other inferior races > The speech shows that people that are more civilized believe that they have the right to take and do what they want with the people and the land that are not as civilized. Europeans were inconsiderate, snobby, and racist--> such powerful positions allowed them to spread their prejudiced beliefs to more people.
 * **Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?**
 * **What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?**
 * **Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?**
 * **What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?**



"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982. Artists: Linley Sambourne > Published in London Charivari on December 10,1892. Shows what the Europeans are doing to Africa, all the way from Cape Town to Cairo. > Shows that no place in Africa is not within their grasps. The words were chosen in order to show the logic behind each step. Uses facts to create feelings in the readers. > African land shape--> Africa, > Large man--> European man, > Military hat--> shows that it is through their military hands. > The artists' viewpoint is against the acts against Africa. Shows that what they're doing is wrong. Creates a bigger picture in order to show that it causes a bigger impact on Africa then readings would show.
 * ** Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias? **
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo) **
 * ** Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see? **
 * ** What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim? **

"//**Moshweshewe: Letter ton Sir George Grey, 1858" written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**//. __Mark up the document attached below before you answer the questions__ > Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos; he is writing this letter due to the unfairness of the people who had come there and disrespect them in more ways than one. > The individuals were the governors in charge of the people in the land that was lent to them. They impact the meaning of the letter because they are legitimate people, and specifically named, meaning that there is quite evidence about what these specific people have done. It shows that the evidence and knowledge put into the letter are legitimate and not just made up. > I believe the letter was successful because it showed everything that was done to his people that was unfair to them. It shows that this is something that he is very against and that he is doing everything in his power to keep everything civil himself to avoid any type of violence that may come. >
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

__** Quotes: **__ **Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.** So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated. But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different. > They were treated like slaves, ordered to follow everything that they had been told to do and not expecting any rebellions to appear. They were dehumanized and treated as though they did not mean enough to the world and were not needed in anyway whatsoever and that they can just be killed and no one would miss them. > It was unsuccessful due to the lack of organization and they were in a disadvantage. The Africans were in no way ready for such an immediate gunfight. The white men had an advantage in technology and were therefore about to cause much more damage than the Africans.
 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

**Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.** And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice > The author is Mojimba, an African Chief. The source refers to the a war on the Congo River in 1877 against British and African mercenaries. > The strength of the British-American side was overwhelming and so much more ready then the African forces."We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground." > The Chief's opinion is that the British are much worse than the Africans altogether. They use their weapons to take everything away from them. He believes that they are sick in the head because all of this is not bringing them justice or civilization but instead death.
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**

**Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**. The Chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking. > The message that the German Officer was trying to tell the East Africans was that they had not given any of these promises. It was from the Chiefs themselves that these rumors had spread between them. "Chiefs spread it among their people" > I believe that they made such claims was because since they had not seen the world itself in action, they had honestly believed that these claims were going to happen. They had honestly believed that these claims would, without a doubt, come true. They believed in this magic that would bring them much more good than bad.
 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim. **
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

**__Document 8:__** Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910. > The person is standing next to the elephant, proud of his accomplishment of taking down the elephant. The elephant is clearly dead from its position on the ground and the destruction of the plants around it. > The purpose of the photograph was to show what was accomplished by Theodore Roosevelt after being sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution > Shows that they had just gotten "wealthier" in way since the use of the dead animal can be very valuable; tusks, etc
 * Describe the person and objects in this photo.
 * What is the purpose of the photograph?
 * What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?

**__Document 9:__**

> Portugal, Belgium, Great Britain, and Germany had benefited from African Resources; Great Britain especially due to them colonizing more places with different resources > Great Britain had the best colonies for production but Belgium had the best colonies for the arts and daily products. > This document shows how European Imperialism in Africa was mainly for their resources that can be used for industrial and economic use
 * What European industries benefited from African resources?
 * Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why ?
 * How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?

__**Document 10**:__

//"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ."// -Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

> Hated the fact that colonialism attempted to dehumanize them and sees them as irresponsible and lacking self-confidence. The only good thing about them was that they had used the raw resources of Africa for making industrialization better than it was before.
 * In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?


 * __ Open Response: __**

Period 4: __**Completed and Printed**__ open response must be turned in BEFORE class on Tuesday.


 * Open response: **

Based on your analysis of the documents and images above, **__ 2. analyze the colonization of Africa and the African response to imperialism __**
 * 1.** **analyze the social and economic effects of European Imperialism or**
 * While writing the open response:**
 * Develop a relevant thesis and support that thesis with evidence from the documents
 * Use all the documents
 * Take into account the source of the documents and analyze the author’s point of view
 * Be sure to include relevant historical information that you have learned in this unit that may not have been mentioned in the documents